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: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

: Defeat at the Battle of Vienna (1683) signaled a turning point. OsmanlД± Tarihi

: Re-established the constitution in 1908. : Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Republic of

: Increasing debt and nationalist uprisings weakened central control. 4. Collapse (1908–1922) OsmanlД± Tarihi

: Doubled empire size; took control of the Islamic Holy Cities.

The Ottoman Empire (1299–1922) was one of history's most powerful and long-lasting dynasties, spanning three continents at its peak. 1. Foundation and Growth (1299–1453) : Founded the principality in northwestern Anatolia.