: Survived the Roman collapse. Emperor Justinian (527–565 AD) codified laws and built the Hagia Sophia.
: Land became the main wealth. The "feudal ladder" was formed: kings at the top, peasants at the bottom. Byzantium & The Islamic World : Survived the Roman collapse
: Universities appeared in the 11th–12th centuries. Gothic cathedrals reached toward heaven. In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy, focusing on humanism and classical art. The "feudal ladder" was formed: kings at the
I can explain the main cause-and-effect links for that period. In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in
: The Western Roman Empire fell (476 AD). Clovis I founded the Frankish state and adopted Christianity (496 AD) to strengthen his power.
: Medieval life centered on the castle. Knights followed a code of honor and relied on the labor of serfs (dependent peasants).
⭐ : Focus on the dates 476 (Fall of Rome), 800 (Charlemagne), and 1453 (Fall of Byzantium) as they anchor the entire textbook timeline.