: Long-term consequences can include PTSD and depressive symptoms , which may worsen with age.
Chronic captivity stress in wild animals is highly species-specific Captivity
“It's basic biology,” Rose says. A captive-born orca that has never lived in the ocean still has the same innate drives, she says. National Geographic : Long-term consequences can include PTSD and depressive
Captivity is the state of being confined to a particular space and prevented from moving freely. While it most commonly refers to animals kept in zoos, aquariums, or as pets, it also encompasses human experiences such as imprisonment or being a prisoner of war. The Human Perspective or as pets
For humans, captivity is a profound disruption of autonomy and lifestyle.