A tendency to issue orders from above without understanding or caring for the reality on the ground.

A callous attitude toward individuals, treating people as files rather than humans, and isolating officials from the citizens they serve.

Due to complex, overlapping layers of authority, it becomes difficult to pinpoint responsibility. Common Manifestations

The misuse of power by officials for personal gain. Historical and Theoretical Context

Excessive regulation and formality required before action can be taken.

An obsession with creating documentation, reports, and meetings, which serves as a substitute for actual work.

Placing strict adherence to rules and paperwork above efficiency, effectiveness, or common sense.