: The practical application of a theory, including syllabus models and roles for teachers and learners.

: The theory of the nature of language and language learning.

: The specific classroom techniques , practices, and behaviors observed during instruction. 🏛️ Major Trends & Traditional Methods

Richards and Rodgers define three hierarchical levels of conceptualization for language instruction:

These methods dominated twentieth-century language teaching and often focused on formal structures or habits. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching