Injecting cement or chemical grout into cracks to restore integrity.

Methods like the Rebound Hammer Test (for surface hardness) and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) (for concrete homogeneity) allow evaluation without damaging the structure.

Expansion and contraction due to temperature variations.

Applying mortar at high pressure onto a surface to repair large spalled areas.

Building maintenance is the work done to keep a structure in its original state and maintain its serviceability and stability. As structures age, they are subject to environmental stressors, chemical attacks, and structural fatigue, necessitating a systematic approach to repair and rehabilitation.